Reflection week 10

For this week 10, the last topic that we covered is Curriculum Evaluation.

Evaluation

- The process or group of process that people perform in order to gather data that will enable them to decide whether to accept, change, or eliminate something.

Validity and curriculum evaluation

- There is some ways that teacher can do to evaluate curriculum which is

• Data based judgements
• student achievement
• expert analysis (survey/checklist)

5 value question

1. Instrinsic value
2. Instrumental value
3. Comparative value
4. Idealization value
5. Decision value

Scientific vs Humanistic Evaluation

Scientific evaluation

- Focused on quantifiable data gathering uses test result of experimental subjects analyses data statistically.

Humanistic evaluation

Focused on quantifiable data gathering relies on impression of what is observed engages in actual incidents that are observed today.

Intelligence tests

1. Standards in testing
2. Absolute maximum standard
3. Absolute Minimum standard
4. Relative standard
5. Multi-standard

Formative and summative evaluation

Phases of evaluation

1. Collecting the information
2. Organizing the information
3. Analyzing the information
4. Reporting the Information
5. Recycling the information(continual Update)

Alternative Evaluation

1. Portfolio
2. Norm-references vs competency
3. Norm-referenced
4. Competency

Evaluation vs Grading

The evaluation of student learning is far too complex an enterprise to be reduced to a single grade.

More grades = better evaluation.

Goals and roles of evaluation

Goals - What it is supposed to do

Roles - What it is used to do

Focus on training evaluation

1. Program evaluation
2. individual competence
3. program value

Training evaluation

- take place during and after course implementation.

Calculating costs of training

• All development & personnel cost
• All material costs
• All delivery costs
• Total expenditure

Goal of evaluation

• Learner improvement
• Methods
• Document validation
• Product assessment

Reflection week 9

For week 9, the topic that we covered is Curriculum Implementation.This curriculum is all about developing curriculum. There is five components that we should consider when we want to develop the curriculum.

1. Curriculum component
2. Curriculum contents
3. How to select content?
4. How contents are organized?
5. What criteria for selecting content?

Below are the explanation about the components:

1. Curriculum components

• What subject matter is crucial to learn?
• What is essential to know to be successful citizen?
• What contents best addressed students interests and needs?

2. Curriculum contents

• Postmodernism view knowledge as dynamic and evolutionary. It is not static.
• Knowledge results from a structing and reconstructing of perceived realities.
• Knowledge is that result from environment within which human find themselves.

3. How to select content?

• It addresses to cognitive, social and psychological dimension of the individual student

- What is content?

• It is fact, concepts, generalizations, and theories which are similar to discplined knowledge.
• Non-disciplined- environment education concern the advancement of understanding.

4. How content are organized?

- Based on theories

- Based on Domains

- Should be systematic, practically, and sequenced

5. What criteria for selecting content.?

• Self-sufficiently - to maximize teaching effort and education resources, subject matters, are generalize ability.
• Significance - The knowledge that could contribute meaningfully to student
• Validity - the content selected should be authentic and not absolete or incorrect.
• Interest - must be meaningful to the child's life
• Utility
• Learnability.

Reflection week 8

For this week, our lecturer once again explain the topic curriculum theory and practice.
But for this time, the lecturer explain more about the four ways of approaching or looking at curriculum theory and practice which is:
1. Curriculum as a body of knowledge to be transmitted
2. Curriculum  as an attempt to achieve certain ends in student-product
3. Curricuclum as process
4. Curriculum as praxis

Curriculum Framework

1. Curriculum as a body of knowledge to be transmitted

•  Syllabus - from Greek

- short and clear statement or list of topics for

   discourse.

- the content of a treatise

- the subject of a series of teaching

2. Curriculum as a product

3. Curriculum as a Process

4. Curriculum as praxis

Curriculum in context:

- What actually happen in classrooms

- An ongoing social process comprised of the interact of student, teacher, knowledge and materials.

reflection 7

In week 7, the topic that we had covered is curriculum and practice.
One ways of looking at the curriculum is exploring curriculum theory and practice ant its relation to informal education.

Curriculum can be seen as
1. Syllabus (body of knowledge)
2. Product (an attempt to achieve certain ends in student)
3. Process
4. Praxis

The origin of curriculum
- " In the running / chariot tracks of Greece, which literally means "a course".

Definition of curriculum by John Kerr:

4 ways of looking at or approaching curriculum theory and practice: 
1. Body of knowledge to be transmitted
2. As an attempt to achieve certain ends in student- product
3. process
4. praxis

Aristotle's influential catergorization:
1. Theoritical
2. practical
3. productive

Reflection week 6

The topic for our learning for this week six is Curriculum Design.

Curriculum Design

- Arrangement of curriculum elements into a substantive entity.

Basic curriculum components

- Aims, Goals and objective

- Subject matter

- Learning experiences

- Evaluation

Theoretical Framework

Curriculum Vs. Instructional :

Curriculum - total plan that arranges the four component into the curriculum (objectives, content, learning environment and evaluation)

Instructional - specifically to one component, the potential experiences for the student learning activities (method and organization)

SOURCE OF DESIGN

1. Science

- Focus on the scientific method, with a focus on observable and quantifiable elemets and emphasis on how 

   to learn.

2. Society

- Design should be aligned to social situation.

- Both political and social parties influence education system.

- Support idea of social.

3. Moral

- Design stresses content

- Believe the implemetation of spirituality is an important consideration in curriculum design.

4. Knowledge

- Design is content specific - formed by information that  important to know.

- Has specific organization and process.

5. The learner

- Design focus from "knowledge of student"

- support idea of development

Dimension of curriculum design

Scope

- breadth

- content, topic, and learning experiences

- integration

- linking all the knowledge and experience with the 

   curriculum.

- assist in making meaning for the learners

Sequence

- ordering of knowledge

Articulation

- interrelatedness of various aspects of the curriculum.

Balance

- Appropriate weight be given to each aspect of  the design.

Representative Curriculum Design

1. Student-centered design

2. Learner-centered design

3. Problem-centered design

Instructional art

- present suggested assignment contributing to the student mystery include such activities as group project, 

   individual project, written, oral, critical thinking activities, and experiments.

Malaysian Curriculum Design

Reflection week 5

For this week 5, we learned about the psychological foundation of curriculum which is topic 4. This topic covered about three major theories of learning which is behaviourist, cognitive-information processing theories, and phenomonological and humanistic.

Before we learn and understand about the three learning theories, we have to understand what is the definition of the psychology.

Psychology - concerned with the question of how people learn. It provide basic for understanding the teaching and learning process.

The three major theories of learning:
1. Behaviourist
    - Deals with various aspect of stimulus-response and reinforces.
2. Cognitive- information processing theories
    - View the learner in relationship to the total environment and consider the way the learner applies
       information.
3. Phenomological and humanistic
    - consider the whole child including his or her social, psychological, and cognitive development.

Behavioral psychology

Edward Thorndike
- focused on his work on testing the relationship between stimulus and a response (classical conditioning)

James Watson
- leaning was based on the science of behaviour.
- what was observable and measureable.

Skinner
- believes in both positives and negative reinforcement.

Cognitive-information processing

Phenomonological and humanistic

Maslow's Human needs hierarchy
- psychological needs
- safety needs
- love and belonging needs
- esteem needs
- self actualization







After our class dismissed, my group going to library and discuss about our assignment. We divided the task and will be combined after we all do our part.

Reflection for week 4

Topic 3 : Philosophical Foundation of Curriculum

Learning outcomes : 1. Identify Psychological Foundation of Curriculum

                                  2. Identify the Types of Major Philosophies

                                  3. Identify the types of educational philosophies

For this topic, I have learn about the meaning of philosophy, the major philosophies, and the types of educational philosophies. 

Philosophy is the combination of the Greek word "Philos" (Love) and "Sophia" (Wisdom) - "Love of Wisdom". Philosophers is the people who seek after wisdom and curious about what other have put forward. They also proposing the new philosophies. Therefore, philosophy of education is the collective works of other philosophers.  It is also the academic exploration of various question. The Philosophy of education recognizes that the development of a civil society depends on the education of the young as responsible, thoughtful, and enterprising citizens which is challenging  task requiring deep understanding of ethical principles, moral values, practical theory, aesthetics and economic. The most prominent philosophers in education is Plato, Aristotle, Rousseau, Dewey, Adler, Confucius, Al Farabi, Tagore, and Howard Gardner. They provided powerful critical perspectives revealing the problems in education. The philosophy and curriculum is the beginning point in curriculum decision making and is the basis of all subsequent decision regarding curriculum.

The next things that I learn from this topic is the major philosophies. There are four major philosophies which is Idealism, Realism, Pragmatism, and Existentialism. 

Other than that, from these topic, I also learn about the educational philosophies. This educational philosophies also consist of four types of educational philosophies. There are perennialism, essentialism, progressivism, and reconstructionism.

Reflection Week 3

Topic 2 : The Role of Curriculum Workers

Learning outcomes : Identify the roles of curriculum workers.

Before we identifying the roles of curriculum workers, we need to understand who is this curriculum workers. From what I have understand, curriculum workers is the people who work on curriculum engage in many different types of endeavors. They had the first time approach that appeared both comprehensive and workable. This curriculum workers is responsible to concentrate on student behavior in devising objective for a unit to emphasize appropriate learning experiences. This curriculum workers divided into two groups which is curriculum practitioners and curriculum disseminates. Curriculum practitioners include the teacher and school administration, meanwhile the curriculum disseminate is including the curriculum evaluator, curriculum advocates, curriculum developers and curriculum theories. Each of these curriculum workers have their own roles.

Curriculum Practitioner

- Use curricula within the instructional arena and supervise its use.

> Classroom teacher

- Plan instruction

- Implement the curriculum in teaching by writing a lesson plan

- Design the curriculum based on the learner characteristics.

> School Administration

- Make curriculum adjustment

- Implement team teaching

- Encourage teacher to utilize instructional method

Curriculum Disseminator

- The people who spread about this curriculum and the proper method to use it.

> Curriculum Evaluator

- Evaluation concept is so comprehensive that contains several evaluation activities with the common    function of investigating.

- Their roles is collect, examine and assess data for the purpose of reporting on the effectiveness, 

   efficiency, and worth of the endeavors and creations of other curriculum and workers.

- Employed by a private testing service, the central administration of a school district   

   and government.

> Curriculum Advocates

- Educators and members of the general public who are concerned about and attempt to influence

  what is taught in schools and how it is taught.

- They may be a parents, citizens, politician, and community.

> Curriculum Developers

- Intentionally create curriculum materials and strategies for other to use in the instructional arena.

- They may be a textbook writers, the teacher that works in curriculum committees, curriculum  

   specialist (people who work for private education organization) and concerned citizens (design

   instructional materials for homeschooling).

> Curriculum Theories

- Examine the philosophical and ideological underpinnings of existing curricula.

- Study how curricula used, disseminated, created, and evaluated.

- Speculate on what curricula should accomplish, probe the "whys" of their own examination.

In conclusion, the role of curriculum workers can be concluded into four heading:

1. Coordinate the curriculum planning and development

2. Define and application of curriculum theory

3. Design and application of curriculum research

4. Provision of aid in filling in-service.

Reflection for week 2

In week 2, we learned about topic 1 which is Foundation and Domains of Curriculum and Pedagogy. In this topic, there are two learning outcomes. At the end of this topic, we will be able to identify the concept of curriculum and pedagogy.

From the topic 1, what I have understand in this topic is the concept, definition, and some interpretations of the curriculum. The concept of curriculum is "all planning for the classroom" that stated by Begg, 2005. Eigner and Vallance also says that concept of curriculum is "what can and should be taught to whom, when and how?". From this concept, curriculum can be defined as a set of courses and their contents, which are offered at a school or university. The other things about this curriculum is its also referred to all the experiences that individual learners have in program of education. There is some interpretations of curriculum that I get from the learning in this week 2, which is curriculum is a what is taught in school, a set of subject, content, a program of studies, a set of materials, and the sequence of courses.

Other than understand about the curriculum, the other things that I get in this week is the definition of pedagogy. Pedagogy is referred to the method and practice of teaching, especially as an academic subject or theoretical concept. In other words, it is the science and art of how to teach in schools. As a broad field of study,pedagogy involves research on teaching and learning, classroom management, school organization and teacher-student interaction.

Curriculum And Pedagogy

About Me

Hello everyone...

My name is Henasiah Taising. I am 23 years old. I was born on 07 May 1993 at Hospital Keningau, Sabah. I came from Sook, Keningau, Sabah. I have six siblings and I am the youngest child. I have three brothers and two sisters.
My primary school is Sekolah Kebangsaan Malima, and my secondary school is Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Sook. And now I am studying in UNITAR, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah and currently doing my Bachelor in Early Childhood Education.
My hobby is reading books, listening the music and watching movies. My favourite colors is red and purple. My religion is christian and my race is Dusun. One important fact about me is I love children.

My Life's Goal

Everyone have their own goal in life. My first goal is to be a good daughter and contributed to both of my parents. My parents is my priority. I will do everything to make them happy. As a child, it is an obligation for me to beatify my parents who had sacrificed much in terms of energy and finance.

My second goal is to be good teacher for my future student. Being a teacher is my dream since I was in primary school. This is because the teacher is a noble job that can lead people to be more useful. If the teacher is not exists, then work as policemen, doctors, firemen, and officials also would not exist. Therefore, everything starts from a person who holds as a teacher.
Besides, I decided to become a teacher because I love children. Even teaching a kids not easy as imagined by others, but I like it because for me, a child is a gift from God that needs to be guided since childhood. Early education that provided will make the child grow up with good moral character and have sufficient knowledge to meet the challenges of life. Early education is not only to determine their future, but will also determine the future of our country because they will be the heir of our generation. Therefore, to achieve my goal of becoming a good teacher requires adequate knowledge and be prepared both physically and mentally.

Philosophy

My life philosophy is "No one can go back and change a bad beginning but anyone can start now and create a successful ending". From this philosophy, I believe that everyone can start a new life and create a something new for our life even our beginning of life is not as  we had hoped. For me, things have passed, let bygones be bygones. We can't go back to the past to change everything, but, what we can do is, just start a new life and make sure that your ending is successful. We can make the bad beginning as our mistakes and learn from that to be better.

I have my own philosophy in the field of early childhood education which is children are the world's most valuable resources and its best hope for the future. For me, children are the inheritors of the country. Early education is not only important to determine their own future, but also very important for the future of our country. It's also very important to help the children grow up with better manners and sufficient of knowledge. So, as a teacher of early childhood education, I need to teach the children carefully and make them feel valued by parents, teacher, and community.

Thank You.